Ecological–Health Risk of Antimony and Arsenic in Centella asiatica, Topsoils, and Mangrove Sediments: A Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia

@article{Yap2022,
  Title = {Ecological–Health Risk of Antimony and Arsenic in Centella asiatica, Topsoils, and Mangrove Sediments: A Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia},
  Author = {Yap, Chee Kong and Tan, Wen Siang and Cheng, Wan Hee and Syazwan, Wan Mohd and Azrizal-Wahid, Noor and Krishnan, Kumar and Go, Rusea and Nulit, Rosimah and Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz and Mustafa, Muskhazli and Omar, Hishamuddin and Chew, Weiyun and Edward, Franklin Berandah and Okamura, Hideo and Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh and Al-Shami, Salman Abdo and Sharifinia, Moslem and Keshavarzifard, Mehrzad and You, Chen Feng and Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi and Bintal, Amin and Zakaly, Hesham M. H. and Arai, Takaomi and Naji, Abolfazl and Saleem, Muhammad and Abd Rahman, Mohd Amiruddin and Ong, Ghim Hock and Subramaniam, Geetha and Wong, Ling Shing},
  Editor = {},
  Journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Science},
  Year = {2022},
  Volume = {10},
  Doi = {10.3389/fenvs.2022.939860},
  Abstract = {The current study assessed the ecological–health risks of potentially toxic arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in the vegetable Centella asiatica, topsoils, and mangrove sediments sampled from Peninsular Malaysia. The As concentrations ranged from 0.21 to 4.33, 0.18 to 1.83, and 1.32 to 20.8 mg/kg dry weight, for the leaves, stems, and roots of the vegetable, respectively. The ranges of Sb concentrations were 0.31–0.62, 0.12–0.35, and 0.64–1.61 mg/kg dry weight, for leaves, stems, and roots of the vegetable, respectively. The children’s target hazard quotient (THQ) values indicated no non-carcinogenic risks of As and Sb in both leaves and stems, although children’s THQ values were higher than those in adults. The calculated values of estimated weekly intake were lower than established provisional tolerable weekly intake of As and Sb for both children and adult consumers. The carcinogenic risk (CR) values of As for children’s intake of leaves and stems of vegetables showed more public concern than those of adults. The levels of Sb and As in the topsoils were generally higher (although not significantly) than those in the mangrove sediments, resulting in a higher geoaccumulation index, contamination factor and ecological risk, hazard index, THQ, and CR values. This indicated that the anthropogenic sources of Sb and As originated from the land-based activities before reaching the mangrove near the coast. The CR of As signifies a dire need for comprehensive ecological–health risks exposure studies, as dietary intake involves more than just vegetable consumption. Therefore, risk management for As and Sb in Malaysia is highly recommended. The present findings of the ecological–health risks of As and Sb based on 2010–2012 samples can be used as an important baseline for future reference and comparison.},
}

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yap, Chee Kong
AU  - Tan, Wen Siang
AU  - Cheng, Wan Hee
AU  - Syazwan, Wan Mohd
AU  - Azrizal-Wahid, Noor
AU  - Krishnan, Kumar
AU  - Go, Rusea
AU  - Nulit, Rosimah
AU  - Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz
AU  - Mustafa, Muskhazli
AU  - Omar, Hishamuddin
AU  - Chew, Weiyun
AU  - Edward, Franklin Berandah
AU  - Okamura, Hideo
AU  - Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh
AU  - Al-Shami, Salman Abdo
AU  - Sharifinia, Moslem
AU  - Keshavarzifard, Mehrzad
AU  - You, Chen Feng
AU  - Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi
AU  - Bintal, Amin
AU  - Zakaly, Hesham M. H.
AU  - Arai, Takaomi
AU  - Naji, Abolfazl
AU  - Saleem, Muhammad
AU  - Abd Rahman, Mohd Amiruddin
AU  - Ong, Ghim Hock
AU  - Subramaniam, Geetha
AU  - Wong, Ling Shing
TI  - Ecological–Health Risk of Antimony and Arsenic in Centella asiatica, Topsoils, and Mangrove Sediments: A Case Study of Peninsular Malaysia
T2  - Frontiers in Environmental Science
PY  - 2022
VL  - 10
DO  - 10.3389/fenvs.2022.939860
AB  - The current study assessed the ecological–health risks of potentially toxic arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in the vegetable Centella asiatica, topsoils, and mangrove sediments sampled from Peninsular Malaysia. The As concentrations ranged from 0.21 to 4.33, 0.18 to 1.83, and 1.32 to 20.8 mg/kg dry weight, for the leaves, stems, and roots of the vegetable, respectively. The ranges of Sb concentrations were 0.31–0.62, 0.12–0.35, and 0.64–1.61 mg/kg dry weight, for leaves, stems, and roots of the vegetable, respectively. The children’s target hazard quotient (THQ) values indicated no non-carcinogenic risks of As and Sb in both leaves and stems, although children’s THQ values were higher than those in adults. The calculated values of estimated weekly intake were lower than established provisional tolerable weekly intake of As and Sb for both children and adult consumers. The carcinogenic risk (CR) values of As for children’s intake of leaves and stems of vegetables showed more public concern than those of adults. The levels of Sb and As in the topsoils were generally higher (although not significantly) than those in the mangrove sediments, resulting in a higher geoaccumulation index, contamination factor and ecological risk, hazard index, THQ, and CR values. This indicated that the anthropogenic sources of Sb and As originated from the land-based activities before reaching the mangrove near the coast. The CR of As signifies a dire need for comprehensive ecological–health risks exposure studies, as dietary intake involves more than just vegetable consumption. Therefore, risk management for As and Sb in Malaysia is highly recommended. The present findings of the ecological–health risks of As and Sb based on 2010–2012 samples can be used as an important baseline for future reference and comparison.
ER  -