Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems
Laura Rix
Jasper M. de Goeij
Christina E. Mueller
Ulrich Struck
Jack J. Middelburg
Fleur C. van Duyl
Fuad A. Al-Horani
Christian Wild
Malik S Naumann
Dick van Oevelen
Abstract
Shallow warm-water and deep-sea cold-water corals engineer the coral reef framework and fertilize reef communities by releasing coral mucus, a source of reef dissolved organic matter (DOM). By transforming DOM into particulate detritus, sponges play a key role in transferring the energy and nutrients in DOM to higher trophic levels on Caribbean reefs via the so-called sponge loop. Coral mucus may be a major DOM source for the sponge loop, but mucus uptake by sponges has not been demonstrated. Here we used laboratory stable isotope tracer experiments to show the transfer of coral mucus into the bulk tissue and phospholipid fatty acids of the warm-water sponge Mycale fistulifera and cold-water sponge Hymedesmia coriacea, demonstrating a direct trophic link between corals and reef sponges. Furthermore, 21–40% of the mucus carbon and 32–39% of the nitrogen assimilated by the sponges was subsequently released as detritus, confirming a sponge loop on Red Sea warm-water and north Atlantic cold-water coral reefs. The presence of a sponge loop in two vastly different reef environments suggests it is a ubiquitous feature of reef ecosystems contributing to the high biogeochemical cycling that may enable coral reefs to thrive in nutrient-limited (warm-water) and energy-limited (cold-water) environments.
Rix L., de Goeij J.M., Mueller C.E., Struck U., Middelburg J.J., van Duyl F.C., Al-Horani F.A., Wild C., Naumann M.S. and van Oevelen D. (2016) Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems. Scientific Reports 6(1): 18715. 10.1038/srep18715
@article{Rix2016,
Title = {Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems},
Author = {Rix, Laura and de Goeij, Jasper M. and Mueller, Christina E. and Struck, Ulrich and Middelburg, Jack J. and van Duyl, Fleur C. and Al-Horani, Fuad A. and Wild, Christian and Naumann, Malik S and van Oevelen, Dick},
Editor = {},
Journal = {Scientific Reports},
Year = {2016},
Pages = {18715},
Volume = {6},
Doi = {10.1038/srep18715},
Abstract = {Shallow warm-water and deep-sea cold-water corals engineer the coral reef framework and fertilize reef communities by releasing coral mucus, a source of reef dissolved organic matter (DOM). By transforming DOM into particulate detritus, sponges play a key role in transferring the energy and nutrients in DOM to higher trophic levels on Caribbean reefs via the so-called sponge loop. Coral mucus may be a major DOM source for the sponge loop, but mucus uptake by sponges has not been demonstrated. Here we used laboratory stable isotope tracer experiments to show the transfer of coral mucus into the bulk tissue and phospholipid fatty acids of the warm-water sponge Mycale fistulifera and cold-water sponge Hymedesmia coriacea, demonstrating a direct trophic link between corals and reef sponges. Furthermore, 21–40% of the mucus carbon and 32–39% of the nitrogen assimilated by the sponges was subsequently released as detritus, confirming a sponge loop on Red Sea warm-water and north Atlantic cold-water coral reefs. The presence of a sponge loop in two vastly different reef environments suggests it is a ubiquitous feature of reef ecosystems contributing to the high biogeochemical cycling that may enable coral reefs to thrive in nutrient-limited (warm-water) and energy-limited (cold-water) environments.},
}
TY - JOUR
AU - Rix, Laura
AU - de Goeij, Jasper M.
AU - Mueller, Christina E.
AU - Struck, Ulrich
AU - Middelburg, Jack J.
AU - van Duyl, Fleur C.
AU - Al-Horani, Fuad A.
AU - Wild, Christian
AU - Naumann, Malik S
AU - van Oevelen, Dick
TI - Coral mucus fuels the sponge loop in warm- and cold-water coral reef ecosystems
T2 - Scientific Reports
PY - 2016
SP - 18715
VL - 6
DO - 10.1038/srep18715
AB - Shallow warm-water and deep-sea cold-water corals engineer the coral reef framework and fertilize reef communities by releasing coral mucus, a source of reef dissolved organic matter (DOM). By transforming DOM into particulate detritus, sponges play a key role in transferring the energy and nutrients in DOM to higher trophic levels on Caribbean reefs via the so-called sponge loop. Coral mucus may be a major DOM source for the sponge loop, but mucus uptake by sponges has not been demonstrated. Here we used laboratory stable isotope tracer experiments to show the transfer of coral mucus into the bulk tissue and phospholipid fatty acids of the warm-water sponge Mycale fistulifera and cold-water sponge Hymedesmia coriacea, demonstrating a direct trophic link between corals and reef sponges. Furthermore, 21–40% of the mucus carbon and 32–39% of the nitrogen assimilated by the sponges was subsequently released as detritus, confirming a sponge loop on Red Sea warm-water and north Atlantic cold-water coral reefs. The presence of a sponge loop in two vastly different reef environments suggests it is a ubiquitous feature of reef ecosystems contributing to the high biogeochemical cycling that may enable coral reefs to thrive in nutrient-limited (warm-water) and energy-limited (cold-water) environments.
ER -
